Late-stage Alzheimer's is characterized by which of the following?

• A. Mild memory loss
• B. Loss of independence and severe cognitive decline
• C. Improved memory
• D. Severe cognitive decline and loss of independence

Answer: (D)

Late-stage Alzheimer's involves extensive deterioration in thinking and daily functioning. By this stage, memory loss is profound, communication may be severely impaired, and individuals cannot perform activities of daily living without help, often requiring round-the-clock care. This combination—severe cognitive decline together with loss of independence—captures the defining picture of late-stage disease, which is why this option is the best match. The other choices describe earlier stages or incorrect changes in memory, which do not fit late-stage features.